Hi Bruno,

Do you know why there are two separate primitives \catcode and \kcatcode? It seems that their functionality could have been combined into a single one.

I don't know the birth of pTeX, but I guess they cannot be merged because they have some different meanings. [1] Although both of these primitives take an argument which denotes a character code, the meaning is different. * \catcode (allowed values: 0--15) is meant for individual char code. e.g. \catcode`A=13 affects only the character "41 (= A). * \kcatcode (allowed values: 16--18 for pTeX, 15--19 for upTeX) is meant for char code range. The code range is different between pTeX and upTeX, because of its internal encodings. - pTeX can handle JIS X 0208 characters. These characters are classified into "ku"-"ten" table, so the range is based on "ku" ("区") in JIS standard. - upTeX can handle Unicode characters, so the range is based on Unicode blocks. e.g. \kcatcode`あ=18 affects all of Hiragana characters. Please consider the following example: \showthe\kcatcode`あ % => 17 \showthe\kcatcode`い % => 17 \kcatcode`あ=18 \showthe\kcatcode`あ % => 18 \showthe\kcatcode`い % => 18 "あ" and "い" are Hiragana characters, which are located in JIS 4-ku (for pTeX) and Unicode block 0x3040--0x309F (for upTeX). The default \kcatcode for these ranges are 17, but if we change that of "あ" to 18, all of Hiragana characters have 18. [2] upTeX's \kcatcode has additional meaning, compared to pTeX's. When (u)pTeX is given an input, JP characters and non-JP characters are distinguished during tokenization. The criteria here is different between pTeX and upTeX: * With pTeX, the criteria is always fixed: - char code 0--255: non-JP - others: JP * With upTeX, the criteria can be flexibly changed, even inside a single document. For this purpose, upTeX extended the \kcatcode primitive as follows: - if \kcatcode = 15 is set, non-JP (precisely "non-CJK") - if \kcatcode = {16,17,18,19} is set, JP (precisely "CJK") A simple example: % plain upTeX \showthe\kcatcode`^^c0 % => default: 15 (it only means non-JP) \showthe\catcode`^^c0 % => 12 \kcatcode`^^c0=18 % (change this Unicode block to JP) \showthe\kcatcode`^^c0 % => 18 \showthe\catcode`^^c0 % => returns 12, but not actually used. After the distinction, JP char will be converted to JP char token accompanying \kcatcode; non-JP char will be converted to non-JP char token accompanying \catcode.

I may be missing some reason why \catcode and \kcatcode are separate. Of course the documentation is hard to read for non-Japanese speakers.

Currently upTeX is not well documented, but we hope to provide some in the future... And also, English manuals for both pTeX and upTeX should be there. Hironobu